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I performed four rak’a of prayers instead of three for the Maghrib prayer, by mistake. Is there a way to rectify my prayer, or must I offer the prayer again?
Your prayer is invalid in this case and you are obligated to perform it again correctly.
Most of the time while performing prayers of four rak'a, I forget which rak'a I was performing, whether it was the third or the fourth. In such a situation what can I do?
You should assume it is the fourth rak'a. And after finishing the prayer with Tasleem, you should perform a prayer of one rak'a - as the prayer of precaution - in which only Surah al-Fatiha is recited, and then you bow down, prostrate twice, and end with Tashahhud and Tasleem. Alternatively, you can perform this prayer as explained in two rak'as while in the sitting position.
When one has a doubt during the prayer, can he break the prayer and start again?
It is permissible to stop the prayer and start again when doubts occur. However, the prayer can be corrected in some cases of doubts, without the need to start again.
What is the ruling if I forget Tashahhud in the second rak’a and realize after getting up?
If he forgets the first Tashahhud and remembers it before the bowing (ruku') of the next rak’ah, he should return to sit immediately and perform the Tashahhud; he should also perform the prostrations of forgetfulness, after the prayer.
If he remembers that he missed it after the Ruku, he should continue the prayers and he should make the Tashahhud up within the prostrations of forgetfulness.
What is the position of the validity of a prayer performed by somebody who did all the actions for the prayer, bowing and prostrations quickly and pronouncing the words incorrectly? What must he do now?
He can consider the prayer as valid if he doubts the validity now and if there is a probability that it might have being valid.
Should we do the two prostrations of forgetfulness on mistakes in recommended prayers? Is it obligatory or recommended in this situation?
It is not obligatory, but it is better to do it.
How do I perform the 'prostrations of forgetfulness' (sajdatay al-sahw)?
The prostrations of forgetfulness consist of two prostrations, and – based on an obligatory precaution – they are performed consecutively, in which dhikr of Allah Almighty is recited, followed by the tashahhud and the tasleem.
The following conditions of the prostrations of forgetfulness must be met:
(1) One should have the appropriate intention of worship.
(2) The seven parts of the body should be placed on the ground. The parts are the forehead, the two hands – specifically the inside of the hands based on an obligatory precaution – both knees, and the two big toes of the feet.
(3) The forehead should be placed on what is correct to be prostrated upon.
(4) The placement of the forehead should not be high, as explained in the rulings of prostration.
(5) As an obligatory precaution, the remaining conditions of prayer should also be observed, such as taharah and facing qibla.