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What is the ruling if one does not make up for the days he missed in Ramadan before the next Ramadan?
One must make up the days that he missed after the current month of Ramadan. Furthermore, a sum of 900 grams of wheat, oat, rice or the like must be given to the needy believers for each missed fast, and it is better to give wheat.
Though my father is Muslim, I was not raised in a religious household and was not taught anything about Islam until I was about twenty years old, at which point I began praying, fasting, etc. Should I make up the prayers and fasts that I missed from the time I became baligh until the time I began to practice Islam?
It is obligatory on you to make up the prayers and fasts for the years that you missed after reaching the age of adulthood as defined by Islam. You should also pay the fidya for the delay in making up the missed fasts.
My mother has Qadha fasts to make up, maybe around 20 years. For those that she missed on purpose, how can she make them up? For those that she missed because she is sick, how will she make them up? And if she cannot make them up now because she is sick or it causes her difficulty, how could she make them up?
She should make up the purposefully missed fasts, in addition to paying the kaffara for each day missed on purpose.
She also should make up for the days that she missed when she was sick before the next Ramadan. If she did not make up for them before the next Ramadan when she could have done so then she should make up for those days as well as pay the fidya for each day.
An amount of 900 grams of dates, wheat, floor, rice, lentils and the like for every missed fast must be given to the needy people as fidya for each day.
If she could not make up the missed fasts, she should put in her will that someone should make up for the missed fasts after her death.
If somebody has missed fasts for years and missed prayers for years, does he have to make up the missed prayers and then the missed fasts?
One must make up the missed prayers. It is also obligatory to make up missed fasts. Making one of them up before the other is not obligatory.
How can I make up the days that I did not fast if I am not sure of the number?
If you doubt the number of the missed days to be between two figures, then consider the lower.
Must I fast consecutively to make up the fasts I have missed, or is it permissible to separate them, for example, every weekend?
Both ways of making up the fasts are permissible.
I am a woman and need to pay Kaffara. If I want to fast for two consecutive months, is it still valid even though I will be menstruating within this period of two months?
Being in the state of menstruation does not affect the condition of fasting consecutively.
If one is not certain that he has obligatory fasts to make up but chooses to fast a few days with the intention that he is undertaking them in case he owes any missed days, and then breaks his fast in the afternoon. Is he obligated to pay a kaffara?
He can break the fast as long as he is not aware that he has obligatory fasts to make up.
If one breaks a recommended fast, either before or after the time of the Dhuhr prayer, has he committed a sin and is he required to pay a Kaffara?
It is not prohibited and there is no Kaffara for doing so.