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Some of the cheese products manufactured in non-Muslim countries contain rennet extracted from the calf or other animals. We do not know whether the rennet was taken from the animal that was slaughtered according to Islamic laws; nor do we know whether it has transformed into something else. So, is it permissible to eat such cheese?
It is allowed to use the rennet that is extracted from the animal that was not slaughtered according to Islamic laws, since it is tahir and exempted from the prohibition of using parts of the animal corpse.
Is it permissible to wear shoes made from natural leather?
It is permissible to wear such shoes, but it is considered najis if they were bought in a non-Muslim country and if one doesn’t know whether the leather was from an animal that was slaughtered according to the Sharia.
Many cars for sale in America have leather seats. It is not clear if the leather is from a Muslim country. Should this leather be treated as tahir, or as an obligatory precaution is it best to keep away?
If the leather is genuine it is considered najis if it was in a non-Islamic country and one did not know that the leather was from an animal that was slaughtered according to the Sharia.
What is the ruling on cars with coated leather seats in the west? For example, if a car is known to have "coated leather" seats, meaning the leather is a mix of genuine leather and other materials, and then coated with another material to protect the leather material, is this "coat" najis?
The leather in the mentioned countries is najis, and it causes whatever touches it with transferred dampness to be najis too. However, if the leather is coated with material that acts as a barrier between the leather and whatever touches it, one can initially purify the coated seat and consider it tahir then.
If an insect falls into a liquid like water or milk, whether the insect is alive or not, does the liquid become Najis and is it permissible to drink it?
The dead body of an insect is not considered as Najis, so drinking the said liquid is not prohibited.
If an animal is slaughtered but not in an Islamic way, it is prohibited to consume the meat but is it considered najis?
Yes, it is considered najis.
Certain branches of fast-food outlets in India advertise the food as Halal, so can we eat in those places?
It is not permissible in such a case if the meat was taken from non-Muslims in a country where non-Muslims are the majority. However, if the meat was taken from a Muslim - even in such a country - and a Muslim claim that it is slaughtered correctly in accordance to Islam then it is permissible to consume it if he finds it probable that the Muslim is saying the truth.
Certain branches of fast-food outlets in the Middle-East advertise the food as Halal, so can we eat in those places?
If one finds it probable that the sold meat produce is slaughtered in a religiously accepted way then it is permissible to consume it. It is not permissible to eat if one knows that they are lying.
In India, if the restaurant-owner is a Muslim but the workers are Hindu, are we allowed to eat there? What if the case was that the owner is a Hindu and the workers are Muslim?
With respect to slaughtering, if the meat is taken from a Muslim who claims that it was slaughtered according to the Sharia and one finds is probable that the Muslim is saying the truth, it is permissible to consume it. However, it is not permissible – based on compulsory precaution – to consume food that non-Muslims – except Christians, Jews and Zoroastrians – touched with dampness. If there is doubt, one could consider it to be tahir.
Is meat permissible to consume whether bought from Muslim or non-Muslim supermarkets?
It is not permissible to consume meat bought from a non-Muslim because it is not considered to be slaughtered according to the Sharia, except if it is known that the non-Muslim took it from a Muslim, who treated it as a religiously lawful slaughtered meat, and it is probable that he made sure of its lawfulness.
Likewise, it is permissible to consume meat bought from a Muslim who treated it as a religiously lawful slaughtered meat, and it is probable that he made sure of its lawfulness.
Can we eat food from non-Muslim?
If the food contains meat, one must make sure that it is from an animal that was slaughtered in accordance to the Sharia, unless he knows that the non-Muslim took the meat from a Muslim or bought it from Muslims’ market, or the like, then one can assume it is slaughtered in accordance to the Sharia.
If the food does not contain meat, one can consume it.
In both cases, whether the food contains meat or not, based on compulsory precaution it is not permissible to consume the food if the non-Muslim – except those who are from the People of the Book – has contacted the food with dampness.
As for the People of the Book, they are considered tahir.
If an Islamic food authority is providing halal meat, but one doubts whether Allah's name has been mentioned over it, will it be permissible to eat?
If the meat is taken from a Muslim and there is a probability that he slaughtered it in accordance to the Sharia, then it is permissible to consume it.