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Can you please explain what masturbation is? If a person has masturbated in the past without knowing that it is forbidden, will he have to repeat the prayers?
Masturbation is stimulating the genitalia for the sake of ejaculation. This is prohibited. But if a person was unaware of it being prohibited, then God may overlook this.
If ejaculation occurs, then the person enters the state of janabah, and he is required to undertake the ghusl. If he did not do so, the prayers after that will be invalid. If he undertakes ghusl for another reason, e.g. the ghusl of Friday, the state of janabah ends and the prayers after this ghusl are valid until he enters the state of janabah through masturbation again. He will need to repeat those prayers that were invalid because of the failure to do ghusl.
As I understand, it is prohibited to hurt oneself. However, masturbation has a lot of benefits, as it removes depression, removes the sexual tension that can cause stress, lowers the risk of children being born with any handicap. Therefore, it seems that not masturbating is harming oneself, and it is recommended by doctors, so why is it prohibited in Islam?
The following points can be considered to answer your questions:
Firstly: The divine Legislator has issued rulings related to organizing sexual relations that leads to having sex without suppression and without the need to masturbate. Islam emphasizes early marriage and permits temporary marriage. However, society created impediments and obstructions for the proper implementation of these rules and guidance. So, in reality, society is to blame and the deficiency is not in Islamic law.
Secondly: The medical research presents ideas that are subject to change, based on the development of such research. They do not present a definite, absolute reality. As such research is subject to change and development in the future, they cannot be relied upon. Such scientific research are also unable to detect the totality of the effects of masturbation, including the spiritual effect.
Thirdly: If somebody enjoys habitual masturbation and is satisfied with it, this could lead to social decay. If women satisfy themselves and men satisfy themselves, this will be detrimental to the formation of good family units, and this harm is greater than any benefit that the medical research can try to prove, especially after the existence of other alternatives mentioned in the first point, like early marriage or temporary marriage.
I find that I have become addicted to masturbating. I masturbate, then ask Allah for his forgiveness, then I masturbate again and this cycle continues. Is it possible to ask Allah for His forgiveness?
You should seek forgiveness and you should not despair of the mercy of Allah, no matter how many times you commits sins, as Almighty Allah does not close the door of mercy and forgiveness no matter how often one commits sins. You should strengthen yourself against your sinful desires and make yourself busy with what benefits you until Almighty Allah grants you an opportunity to get married. We ask Him to guard you, as He is most merciful.
If one masturbates for some time and didn't know that he has to perform Ghusl because of the ejaculation; does he have to repeat all the fasting days and make up his prayers that he performed without the Ghusl?
Masturbation is a prohibited act and should be avoided with seeking forgiveness from the Almighty Allah and repenting to Him. The prayers that the person knows that he did after masturbating and before performing Ghusl should be repeated. It is not required to make up the fasts.
If while one is looking at pictures or videos of his wife that are sexually arousing, his body subconsciously begins to exert efforts to ejaculate, which will happen if one puts slight internal pressure on his genitalia to release, without the use of one's hands or anything else. Is such an act permissible? Or is it tantamount to masturbation?
It is not permissible to move the sexual organ using hands or any other means. It is permissible to view videos or pictures of the wife that cause sexual arousal.
What is the ruling on masturbating during fasting of fasts other than the month of Ramadan, such as fasts obligated due to vows and non-obligatory fasts? Does masturbation also invalidate the non-Ramadan fasts?
Masturbation is prohibited at all times, and invalidates all types of fast if semen is ejaculated.