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What is the private parts of a female that must be hidden from the view of another female?
They are the vagina and the anus.
What is the 'awrah (private parts) of a man and woman that must be covered?
The 'awrah for the man is the testicles, the penis and the anus; and for the woman it is the vagina and anus.
When one urinates and comes to wash the private parts, is it necessary to wipe the tip of the penis while water is pouring on it or it is enough to let water fall on it without wiping at the same time?
It is sufficient to pour the water, and wiping in not obligatory.
If after urinating I remove the urine with tissue, and later on wadi is discharged, and I remove the wadi with water, is that area now tahir?
It is sufficient to purify the place with water.
After passing of stool, if it is removed with kurr water, must the area be washed again with kurr water? Or is it considered tahir as soon as it is removed?
Yes, the first wash through which it is removed is sufficient.
If one uses toilet paper to remove the urine or stool from the urinary organ or the anus, such that none remains upon wiping it, is this sufficient, or must they still be purified with water afterwards?
The organ of urination can only be purified with water. Toilet papers can be used to make it anus tahir by wiping it with three papers. Based on an obligatory precaution one must use paper thrice even if the najasah is removed before that. If the excrement has spread around the anus more than what is usual, water must be used to make the area tahir.
I have a gas problem, so do I have to do istinja (ritual cleansing of the area) every time I do wudhu, especially when I break the wudhu by passing gas?
If what exits the anus is only gas, then the area does not become najis and thus istinja is not required. If a little amount of stool accompanies the gas then it is necessary - for the correctness of the prayers - to make the area tahir. When doubting the excretion of the stool it can be ignored.
What supplication one can recite when using the toilet?
When one enters the place where he will relieve himself, it is recommended to say: "Bismillah, Allahumma Inee A'outhu bika min-al-khabeeth al-mukhabbath ar-rijs an-najis ash-Shaytan ar-rajeem".
"بسم الله اللهم إني أعوذ بك من الخبيث المخبث الرجس النجس الشيطان الرجيم".
What is the proper method of performing istibra after urinating?
The best way to perform the istibra is by moving the fingers from the anus to the root of the penis applying pressure three times, then squeezing the penis from its root to its tip three times, and then squeezing the tip of the penis three times.
After a person spends much time to extract the remaining urine to ensure purity, while praying or after walking for a while he notices that some liquid has leaked, and then he repeats the purification for the second or third time. This may take him a considerable time. What does the Sharia say about his situation?
After performing the process of istibra which is to ensure that there is no urine left in the urethra, if the doubt is about the discharged liquid being urine or other liquids, the ruling is to consider it as tahir. If the person suffers from incontinence, then he can choose a time during which there is no discharge of urine to perform the prayer after purification.
A person after urinating performs wudhu. He then performs prayer. During his prayer he feels that he has excreted a fluid from his urinary organ, but there is uncertainty as to the actual type of fluid. What is the state of his prayer now? Is it invalid?
If he did istibra, which is the process of ensuring that there is no urine left in the urethra, or if he knew that the urethra had no urine left because he waited for some time after urination or because of any other reason, then the prayer is valid and he should not pay attention to this doubt.
If this was not the case, and he doubts whether the liquid was urine or not, then he should treat it as urine, consider the wudhu and the prayer as void, and purify the body and clothes that the liquid came into contact with.
I know that one who does not perform istibrā after urinating must consider any liquid that comes out afterwards as urine. However, if one does not do istibrā, but afterwards feels some wetness, but doubts whether it was discharged from his penis or whether it has an external source, such as the water used for washing, should he consider it as urine?
If a person has not performed the process of istibrā, and there is doubt whether the discharged liquid is urine or not, the ruling is to consider it as najis.
If one does not know whether the wetness is from any discharge or from an external source, then he does not consider it as urine.